fundamentals of education

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Glossary of Terms (Developmental Psychology)

Glossary of Terms (Developmental Psychology) Santiram Dahal Developmental Psychology – A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan. Human Growth – The biological increase in size or number of cells and physical maturation of the body. Development – Progressive changes in behavior, skills, and abilities over time. Determinants of Development – The biological, psychological, and environmental factors influencing development. Nature vs. Nurture – Debate over the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on development. Continuity vs. Discontinuity – Whether development is gradual (continuous) or occurs in distinct stages (discontinuous). Stability vs. Change – The debate over whether traits remain consistent or change over time. Cross-sectional Study – A research method comparing individuals of different ages at one time. Longitudinal Study – A research design that follows ...
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Educational Leadership in Digital Era

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  Glossary of Educational Leadership Terms Santiram Dahal The Glossary terms relevant to the syllabus for Educational Leadership in the Digital Era (ICT Ed 444), designed to support students in understanding key concepts related to educational leadership, management, and digital integration in education. Educational Leadership : The process of guiding and managing educational institutions to achieve academic goals and improve student outcomes through vision, influence, and strategic direction. Digital Era : The modern period is characterized by widespread use of digital technologies, impacting teaching, learning, and administrative processes in education. Instructional Leadership : A leadership approach focused on improving teaching and learning by supporting curriculum development, teacher professional growth, and student achievement. School Improvement : A systematic process to enhance the quality of education within a school through strategic planning, resource allocatio...
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Naturalism in Education

Santiram Dahal Introduction: Naturalism, as a philosophy, emphasizes nature as the ultimate reality and the source of all knowledge. In education, it translates to a learning process that aligns with natural development, focusing on the individual's experiences and exploration. This approach moves away from strict, structured methods and towards experiential learning. I. Core Concept: Naturalism Definition: Naturalism believes that reality is found solely in nature and natural processes. It rejects supernatural or spiritual explanations and relies on observation and empirical evidence. Key Idea: The natural world is self-sufficient; everything can be explained through natural laws and processes. Influence on Education: It advocates for education that is aligned with natural human development, respecting the learner's unique individuality and emphasizing learning through direct experience. II. Premises of Naturalism in Education Child-Centered Approach: Education should revo...
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