Glossary of Terms (Developmental Psychology)

Glossary of Terms (Developmental Psychology)

Santiram Dahal

  1. Developmental Psychology – A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan.

  2. Human Growth – The biological increase in size or number of cells and physical maturation of the body.

  3. Development – Progressive changes in behavior, skills, and abilities over time.

  4. Determinants of Development – The biological, psychological, and environmental factors influencing development.

  5. Nature vs. Nurture – Debate over the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.

  6. Continuity vs. Discontinuity – Whether development is gradual (continuous) or occurs in distinct stages (discontinuous).

  7. Stability vs. Change – The debate over whether traits remain consistent or change over time.

  8. Cross-sectional Study – A research method comparing individuals of different ages at one time.

  9. Longitudinal Study – A research design that follows the same individuals over time.

  10. Case Study – In-depth study of one individual to understand unique development.

  11. Infancy – The first stage of life, from birth to 2 weeks, The development become slower rate in this period. The child needs to adjust the environment, temperature, breathing, shucking and swallowing, and excretion. 

  12. Babyhood – period from 2 weeks to 2 years, where emotional bonds and basic motor skills are formed.

  13. Early Childhood – Period from 2 to 6 years, known for language development and self-concept formation.

  14. Late Childhood – Ages 6 to 10/12; characterized by academic learning and peer relationships.

  15. Puberty – 10/12 to 13/14 years. A stage marked by biological changes leading to sexual maturity.

  16. Adolescence – 13/14 to 17/18 years The developmental stage from puberty to adulthood involves identity formation and independence.

  17. Adulthood – 18 to 40 years. The mature stage of life is marked by responsibilities and self-sufficiency.

  18. Developmental Task – A skill or ability expected to be achieved at a particular age or stage.

  19. Hazards of Development – Challenges or risks that negatively impact development.

  20. Spurt of Growth – A sudden increase in physical growth during puberty.

  21. Social Development – The process of learning to interact with others and understand social norms.

  22. Emotional Development – The ability to understand, express, and regulate emotions.

  23. Mental Development – Development of cognitive functions such as memory, reasoning, and problem-solving.

  24. Moral Development – The process of learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing ethics.

  25. Hobbies – Activities pursued for pleasure that contribute to skill development.

  26. Skills – Acquired abilities used to perform tasks efficiently.

  27. Happiness – A state of emotional well-being often linked to successful adaptation.

  28. Unhappiness – Emotional discomfort or dissatisfaction often due to developmental issues.

  29. Entertainment and Recreation – Activities providing amusement and relaxation essential for development.

  30. Career Choice – The selection of a profession or occupation during adolescence or adulthood.

  31. Future Orientation – The ability to think, plan, and make decisions with future outcomes in mind.

  32. Drug Abuse – The harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances.

  33. Alcoholism – A chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking.

  34. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) – Infections spread through sexual contact, including HIV/AIDS.

  35. HIV/AIDS – A virus that attacks the immune system, often associated with adolescent sexual behavior.

  36. Social Violence – Harmful acts caused by social conflict, including bullying or group fights.

  37. Conflict – A serious disagreement or argument, especially among peers or within families.

  38. Frustration – A feeling of tension when one's goals are blocked.

  39. Suicide – The act of intentionally taking one’s own life, often linked to psychological distress.

  40. Guidance – Helping individuals make choices and solve problems in personal, educational, or career matters.

  41. Counseling – A professional process to assist individuals in resolving personal issues and achieving goals.

  42. Psychotherapy – A treatment involving psychological techniques to deal with emotional difficulties.

  43. Rehabilitation – Process of restoring individuals to healthy or productive life after trauma or addiction.

  44. Family Adjustment – The ability of family members to adapt to developmental changes and challenges.

  45. Educational Implications – How psychological development influences teaching and learning practices.

  46. Identity Formation – Development of a stable sense of self during adolescence.

  47. Leadership Development – Growth in the ability to guide or influence others, important in social adolescence.

  48. Emotional Regulation – The capacity to manage emotional responses in a healthy manner.

  49. Interest Development – Emergence and exploration of personal preferences and goals.

  50. Self-Concept – How individuals perceive and evaluate themselves.

  51. Here is a concise explanation of Middle Age and Old Age in the context of developmental psychology, based on your course content (Unit II: Developmental Stages) and standard understanding:

    🧓 Middle Age (Approx. 40–65 years)

    Definition:
    Middle age is the stage of life between young adulthood and old age, generally considered to span from about 40 to 65 years.

    Characteristics:

    • Physical changes like graying hair, reduced stamina, and vision decline

    • Mental maturity and peak intellectual abilities

    • Emotional stability and stronger sense of identity

    • Greater social responsibilities (e.g., parenting, career leadership)

    • Re-evaluation of life goals (mid-life crisis in some)

    Developmental Tasks:

    • Maintaining physical health

    • Achieving career satisfaction

    • Nurturing relationships with spouse and children

    • Contributing to community and society (generativity)

    Hazards:

    • Health issues (e.g., hypertension, diabetes)

    • Work-life imbalance and burnout

    • Empty-nest syndrome

    • Mid-life crisis and depression

    🧒 Puberty

    Definition:
    Puberty is the biological stage of development during which a child's body becomes capable of sexual reproduction. It typically starts between ages 10–14.

    Key Characteristics:

    • Sudden spurt of physical growth

    • Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

    • Changes in voice, hair growth (pubic, facial), breast development, menstruation in girls

    • Increase in hormonal activity (estrogen, testosterone)

    Developmental Tasks:

    • Developing personal hygiene habits

    • Adjusting to body changes

    • Managing emotions and mood swings

    • Exploring interests and hobbies

    Hazards:

    • Body image issues

    • Anxiety or confusion due to sudden changes

    • Risk of early exposure to sexual content or relationships

    • Difficulty managing happiness and unhappiness

    Educational Implications:

    • Need for health education, puberty counseling

    • Encouragement of self-care and positive body image

    • Classroom strategies that support emotional stability

    👦 Adolescence

    Definition:
    Adolescence is the transitional stage from puberty to adulthood (ages 12–19 approx.), marked by significant biological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.

    Key Characteristics:

    • Identity formation (Who am I?)

    • Enhanced abstract thinking and reasoning

    • Strong peer influence and friendships

    • Emotional intensity and risk-taking behaviors

    • Development of moral values and beliefs

    • Career exploration and future planning

    Developmental Tasks:

    • Developing self-identity and autonomy

    • Establishing peer and romantic relationships

    • Setting career goals

    • Balancing freedom and responsibility

    Hazards:

    • Stress and depression

    • Exposure to drugs, alcohol, violence

    • Frustration, suicidal thoughts in extreme cases

    • Conflict with parents or society

    Educational Implications:

    • Importance of career counseling

    • Emphasis on life skills, leadership and ethics

    • Classroom environment promoting respect, dialogue, and guidance

    • Awareness and response to mental health concerns

    👴 Old Age / Late Adulthood (Approx. 65 years and above)

    Definition:
    Old age is the final stage of the human life cycle, generally beginning around age 65, marked by retirement and increased life reflection.

    Characteristics:

    • Physical decline (mobility issues, chronic diseases)

    • Possible cognitive decline (memory loss, dementia)

    • Strong need for emotional support and social inclusion

    • Increased focus on past experiences and legacy

    Developmental Tasks:

    • Adjusting to retirement and reduced income

    • Coping with physical and health limitations

    • Maintaining social relationships and combating isolation

    • Achieving life satisfaction and integrity (according to Erikson)

    Hazards:

    • Loneliness and social isolation

    • Depression and anxiety

    • Physical vulnerability and chronic illness

    • Fear of death or meaninglessness

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